Urgent Plea for assistance in dealing with Dengue and Chinkungunya on Nayarit Coast

Urgent Plea for assistance in dealing with Dengue and Chinkungunya on Nayarit Coast

The Nayarit Coast is undergoing an “epidemic” of an outbreak of Dengue and Chinkungunya fever according to a La Penita de Jaltemba Dr. Vladimir Muñoz Valles. The doctor has put out a plea on the internet and social media asking visitors and locals to put pressure on authorities for assistance in dealing with the mosquito borne diseases.

Dr, Munoz Valles estimated that over 1000 people in the La Penita/Guayabitos area have been infected so far this season. “It is difficult to tell what the real numbers are as many do not go to doctors,” he told the Sol in an email.

The Sol was alerted to the plea of the doctor by well-known La Penita business person Hala Hazzi. “It’s an epidemic down here!!! Can you please help spread the word? Dr. Vladimir Muñoz Valles needs support!! Thank you!!”

His plea on his face book said “I invite everyone, both nationals and foreigners (especially biologists) to share their knowledge regarding the genetic manipulation of the sterile male mosquitoes, dengue and chikungunya. The precautions currently taken are unfortunately not sufficient to eradicate this horrendous epidemic. The government and its citizens must work together as a team.”

Hala told the Sol “One of the many locals affected by Chinkungunya. This virus is a lot more serious than dengue, as it can attack all the organs, and linger in the system for up to 5 years. It can also causes death.”

“ He’s been appealing to the governor  of the state and the general area officialdom for support. He has managed to get the area fumigated, and has held informational sessions to educate the town people on how to prevent the proliferation of these infections…but needs more grass roots support and is now appealing publicly,” Hala

From Who

Chikungunya is a mosquito-borne viral disease first described during an outbreak in southern Tanzania in 1952. It is an RNA virus that belongs to the alphavirus genus of the family Togaviridae. The name “chikungunya” derives from a word in the Kimakonde language, meaning “to become contorted”, and describes the stooped appearance of sufferers with joint pain (arthralgia).

Signs and symptoms

Chikungunya is characterized by an abrupt onset of fever frequently accompanied by joint pain. Other common signs and symptoms include muscle pain, headache, nausea, fatigue and rash. The joint pain is often very debilitating, but usually lasts for a few days or may be prolonged to weeks. Hence the virus can cause acute, subacute or chronic disease.

Most patients recover fully, but in some cases joint pain may persist for several months, or even years. Occasional cases of eye, neurological and heart complications have been reported, as well as gastrointestinal complaints. Serious complications are not common, but in older people, the disease can contribute to the cause of death. Often symptoms in infected individuals are mild and the infection may go unrecognized, or be misdiagnosed in areas where dengue occurs.

Transmission

Chikungunya has been identified in over 60 countries in Asia, Africa, Europe and the Americas.

The virus is transmitted from human to human by the bites of infected female mosquitoes. Most commonly, the mosquitoes involved are Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus, two species which can also transmit other mosquito-borne viruses, including dengue. These mosquitoes can be found biting throughout daylight hours, though there may be peaks of activity in the early morning and late afternoon. Both species are found biting outdoors, but Ae. aegypti will also readily feed indoors.

After the bite of an infected mosquito, onset of illness occurs usually between 4 and 8 days but can range from 2 to 12 days.

Diagnosis

Several methods can be used for diagnosis. Serological tests, such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), may confirm the presence of IgM and IgG anti-chikungunya antibodies. IgM antibody levels are highest 3 to 5 weeks after the onset of illness and persist for about 2 months. Samples collected during the first week after the onset of symptoms should be tested by both serological and virological methods (RT-PCR).

The virus may be isolated from the blood during the first few days of infection. Various reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction (RT–PCR) methods are available but are of variable sensitivity. Some are suited to clinical diagnosis. RT–PCR products from clinical samples may also be used for genotyping of the virus, allowing comparisons with virus samples from various geographical sources.

Treatment

There is no specific antiviral drug treatment for chikungunya. Treatment is directed primarily at relieving the symptoms, including the joint pain using anti-pyretics, optimal analgesics and fluids. There is no commercial chikungunya vaccine.

Prevention and control

The proximity of mosquito vector breeding sites to human habitation is a significant risk factor for chikungunya as well as for other diseases that these species transmit. Prevention and control relies heavily on reducing the number of natural and artificial water-filled container habitats that support breeding of the mosquitoes. This requires mobilization of affected communities. During outbreaks, insecticides may be sprayed to kill flying mosquitoes, applied to surfaces in and around containers where the mosquitoes land, and used to treat water in containers to kill the immature larvae.

For protection during outbreaks of chikungunya, clothing which minimizes skin exposure to the day-biting vectors is advised. Repellents can be applied to exposed skin or to clothing in strict accordance with product label instructions. Repellents should contain DEET (N, N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide), IR3535 (3-[N-acetyl-N-butyl]-aminopropionic acid ethyl ester) or icaridin (1-piperidinecarboxylic acid, 2-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-methylpropylester). For those who sleep during the daytime, particularly young children, or sick or older people, insecticide-treated mosquito nets afford good protection. Mosquito coils or other insecticide vaporizers may also reduce indoor biting.

Basic precautions should be taken by people travelling to risk areas and these include use of repellents, wearing long sleeves and pants and ensuring rooms are fitted with screens to prevent mosquitoes from entering.